ATmega48 datasheet(9/340 Pages) ATMEL

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7530H–AVR–02/09

ATmega48/88/168 Automotive

4.3

ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose

working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose

registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided

into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the

architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication

and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description.

4.4

Status Register

The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithme-

tic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform

conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as

specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases remove the need for using the

dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code.

The Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored

when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software.

The AVR Status Register – SREG – is defined as:

• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable

The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual inter-

rupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt Enable

enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by

the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The I-bit can also be set and cleared by

the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as described in the instruction set reference.

• Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage

The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or desti-

nation for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by the

BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the Register File by the

BLD instruction.

• Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag

The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry Is useful

in BCD arithmetic. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.

• Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N

⊕ V

The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement

Overflow Flag V. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.

• Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag

The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See the

“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.

Bit

76543210

SREG

Read/Write

R/W

Initial Value

00000000

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