ATmega48 datasheet(65/340 Pages) ATMEL

65 / 340 page

7530H–AVR–02/09

ATmega48/88/168 Automotive

10.2.3

Switching Between Input and Output

When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn, PORTxn}

= 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled {DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01) or output

low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully accept-

able, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong high driver

and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in the MCUCR Register can be set to disable all

pull-ups in all ports.

Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The user

must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state ({DDxn, PORTxn}

= 0b11) as an intermediate step.

Table 10-1 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.

10.2.4

Reading the Pin Value

Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the

PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 10-2, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding latch con-

stitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin changes value

near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure 10-3 shows a timing dia-

gram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and

minimum propagation delays are denoted t

pd,max and tpd,min respectively.

Figure 10-3. Synchronization when Reading an Externally Applied Pin value

Table 10-1.

Port Pin Configurations

DDxn

PORTxn

PUD

(in MCUCR)

I/O

Pull-up

Comment

Input

Tri-state (Hi-Z)

Input

Yes

Pxn will source current if ext. pulled low.

Input

Tri-state (Hi-Z)

Output

Output Low (Sink)

Output

Output High (Source)

XXX

in r17, PINx

0x00

0xFF

INSTRUCTIONS

SYNC LATCH

PINxn

r17

XXX

SYSTEM CLK

pd, max

t pd, min

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